Genetically modified fish Wikipedia. Zebrafish Danio rerio which have been genetically modified to express fluorescent colours. Genetically modified fish GM fish are organisms from the taxonomic clade which includes the classes Agnatha jawless fish, Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fish and Osteichthyes bony fish whose genetic material DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the fish which does not occur naturally in the species, i. Tuna Fish Vector' title='Tuna Fish Vector' />GM fish are used in scientific research and kept as pets. They are being developed as environmental pollutant sentinels and for use in aquaculture food production. In 2. 01. 5, the Aqu. Advantage salmon was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration FDA for commercial production, sale and consumption,1 making it the first genetically modified animal to be approved for human consumption. Some GM fish that have been created have promoters driving an over production of all fish growth hormone. This results in dramatic growth enhancement in several species, including salmonids,2carps3 and tilapias. Critics have objected to GM fish on several grounds, including ecological concerns, animal welfare concerns and with respect to whether using them as food is safe and whether GM fish are needed to help address the worlds food needs. History and processeditThe first transgenic fish were produced in China in 1. As of 2. 01. 3, approximately 5. This has resulted in more than 4. Most of the modifications have been conducted on food species, such as Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, tilapia genus and common carp Cyprinus carpio. Generally, genetic modification entails manipulation of DNA. The process is known as cisgenesis when a gene is transferred between organisms that could be conventionally bred, or transgenesis when a gene from one species is added to a different species. Gene transfer into the genome of the desired organism, as for fish in this case, requires a vector like a lentivirus or mechanicalphysical insertion of the altered genes into the nucleus of the host by means of a micro syringe or a gene gun. Researchedit. A zebrafish genetically modified to have long fins. Transgenic fish are used in research covering five broad areas6 Enhancing the traits of commercially available fish. Their use as bioreactors for the development of bio medically important proteins. Their use as indicators of aquatic pollutants. Developing new non mammalian animal models. Functional genomics studies. Most GM fish are used in basic research in genetics and development. Two species of fish, zebrafish and medaka, are most commonly modified because they have optically clear chorions shells, develop rapidly, the 1 cell embryo is easy to see and micro inject with transgenic DNA, and zebrafish have the capability of regenerating their organ tissues. They are also used in drug discovery. Addicting Games is the largest source of the best free online games including funny games, flash games, arcade games, dressup games, internet games, shooting games. GM zebrafish are being explored for benefits of unlocking human organ tissue diseases and failure mysteries. For instance, zebrafish are used to understand heart tissue repair and regeneration in efforts to study and discover cures for cardiovascular diseases. Transgenic rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss have been developed to study muscle development. The introduced transgene causes green fluorescence to appear in fast twitch muscle fibres early in development which persist throughout life. It has been suggested the fish might be used as indicators of aquatic pollutants or other factors which influence development. In intensive fish farming, the fish are kept at high stocking densities. This means they suffer from frequent transmission of contagious diseases, a problem which is being addressed by GM research. Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella have been modified with a transgene coding for human lactoferrin, which doubles their survival rate relative to control fish after exposure to Aeromonas bacteria and Grass carp hemorrhage virus. Cecropin has been used in channel catfish to enhance their protection against several pathogenic bacteria by 24 times. Recreationedit. Glo. Fish Electric Green Tetra. Glo. Fish is a patented1. GM fish tetra, barb, zebrafish to express jellyfish and sea coral proteins61. Although the fish were originally created and patented for scientific research at the National University of Singapore, a Texas company, Yorktown Technologies, obtained rights to market the fish as pets. They became the first genetically modified animal to become publicly available as a pet when introduced for sale in 2. Tuna Fish Vector' title='Tuna Fish Vector' />They were quickly banned for sale in California, however they are now on shelves once again in this state. As of 2. 01. 3, Glofish are only sold in the US. Other transgenic lines of pet fish include Medaka which remain transparent throughout their lives and pink body color transgenic angelfish Pterophyllum scalare and lionhead fish expressing the Acropora coral Acroporo millepora red fluorescent protein. The ocean pout type III antifreeze protein transgene has been successfully micro injected and expressed in goldfish. The transgenic goldfish showed higher cold tolerance compared with controls. One area of intensive research with GM fish has aimed to increase food production by modifying the expression of growth hormone GH. The relative increases in growth differ between species. The mahimahi m h i m h i or common dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus is a surfacedwelling rayfinned fish found in offshore temperate. Figure 12. 2 They range from a doubling in weight, to some fish that are almost 1. This research area has resulted in dramatic growth enhancement in several species, including salmon,2. Other sources indicate an 1. Transgenic fish development has reached the stage where several species are ready to be marketed in different countries, for example, GM tilapia in Cuba, GM carp in the Peoples Republic of China, and GM salmon in the USA and Canada. In 2. 01. 4, it was reported that applications for the approval of transgenic fish as food had been made in Canada, China, Cuba and the United States. Over production of GH from the pituitary gland increases growth rate mainly by an increase in food consumption by the fish, but also by a 1. Another approach to increasing meat production in GM fish is double muscling. This results in a phenotype similar to that of Belgian Blue cattle in rainbow trout. It is achieved by using transgenes expressing follistatin, which inhibits myostatin, and the development of two muscle layers. Aqu. Advantage salmoneditIn November 2. Sudden Strike 2 No Cd Patch there. FDA of the USA approved the GM Aqu. Advantage salmon created by Aqua. Bounty for commercial production, sale and consumption. It is the first genetically modified animal to be approved for human consumption. The fish is essentially an Atlantic salmon with a single gene complex inserted a growth hormone regulating gene from a Chinook salmon with a promoter sequence from an ocean pout. This permits the GM salmon to produce GH year round rather than pausing for part of the year as do wild type Atlantic salmon. The wild type salmon takes 2. GM salmon claim it requires only 1. GM fish to achieve this. Aqua. Bounty argue that their GM salmon can be grown nearer to end markets with greater efficiency they require 2. 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